From the Latin alteratio , alteration is the action of altering . This verb indicates a change in the form of something, a disturbance, a disorder or an anger.
For example: "We cannot live in a state of permanent alteration" , "Throat problems can lead to a voice alteration" , "The alteration of ecosystems due to polluting emissions is one of the most serious problems of the current events .
The alteration such as startle or nervousness
The alteration, therefore, can be a shock or a state generated by anger or another passion: "I know that, when I tell him what happened, I will have to endure his alteration," "Calm down and put aside the alteration, which is an easy problem to solve" , "His screams reflected the alteration in his mood" .
A riot , a tumult or an altercation can also be called a disturbance: "The police dispersed the disturbance with tear gas" , "A judge ordered the organizers of the march to be arrested on the grounds that they were promoting a disturbance of public order" , "A hard foul by the Italian was the starting point of a generalized disturbance that included insults and blows of all kinds."
It is common for the alteration to be associated with stress and nervousness . When a person is upset, they have excessive reactions and are not at peace with themselves, but instead feel upset and annoying.
The concept in music
In music , accidental is a sign used to modify the sound of a note .
These signs, such as flat (which lowers the sound one semitone) or sharp (raises the sound one semitone), change the intonation or pitch of natural sounds.
The chromosomal alteration
Changes known as chromosomal alterations or aberrations can affect the number of chromosomes or their structure . On the other hand, there are independent and sudden alterations in the environment that are called mutations and that can be transmitted from generation to generation.
Within numerical alterations there are the following two types:
* euploidies : the alteration occurs in a complete set of chromosomes, which is called a haploid set . Euploid organisms are those that have multiples of the haploid set and these can be diploid (if their number of chromosomes is equal to two) or polypoid (if they have more than two chromosomes, although it can also be specified if it is a triploid . a tetraploid , a pentaploid , etc.);
* aneuploidy : when the alteration affects one or very few pairs of chromosomes, organisms are called aneuploid if they have extra or missing chromosomes. Among aneuploidy alterations, the so-called nullisomies are especially rare, since they are usually lethal in normal diploid organisms. Monosomies can also cause death, although in humans it can trigger Turner syndrome if it affects the X chromosome.
In many cases, chromosomes break spontaneously or induced by mutagenic agents. Although there are mechanisms to repair them, which manage to reunite the fragmented parts, sometimes they fail and cause structural chromosomal mutations. Among these alterations it is possible to distinguish duplications , deletions , translocations and inversions .
The mechanism by which new variants appear in genes due to random errors that occur in the hereditary material, and change allelic form, is known as mutation . A mutation can take place both in the germ cells (the precursors and the gametes; this type of alteration is the only one that can be transmitted by inheritance) and in the somatic cells (in this case, despite not transcending the generation in which it occurred. occurs, it may be related to disorders of cancer size).