The Italian red biennium occurred between 1919 and 1920.
The biennium is a stage or phase lasting two years .
Two year period
The two-year periods are bienniums. What is produced every biennium, meanwhile, is classified as biennial .
It is important to mention that, according to the dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy ( RAE ), the adjective biennal can also refer to that which extends for a biennium. That is why both notions are linked to similar or, depending on the context, the same issues.
Italian red biennium
The red biennium was the period that took place in 1919 and 1920 in Italy , characterized by the rise of workers' councils . Throughout this period, there was an intensification of social and political tensions, marked by the growth of the labor movement and the influence of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and other left-wing groups.
As its name suggests, the red biennium is associated with the influence of anarchism and socialism . The factory councils became overcrowded, especially in the northern region, promoting a series of strikes, factory occupations and social unrest throughout the country. Workers demanded better working conditions, fair wages and greater participation in decision-making. The PSI, under the influence of leaders such as Giacomo Matteotti and Amadeo Bordiga , adopted more radical positions and promoted class struggle as a means to achieve social transformation.
The red biennium in Italy culminated in 1920 with important mobilizations and massive strikes. However, there was also a conservative and anti-communist reaction in the country, which led to the formation of paramilitary groups and increasing political polarization. It is considered a period that laid the foundations for the events that would later develop in the country, such as the rise of fascism led by Benito Mussolini and the march on Rome in 1922.
progressive biennium
The progressive biennium took place between 1854 and 1856 in Spain . In those two years, the Progressive Party promoted a reform of the political system headed by Isabel II .
reformist and counter-reformist biennia
Also in Spain, two other bienniums are recognized, which are not exactly two years old: the first biennium of the Second Spanish Republic ( April 1931 - November 1933 ) and the second biennium of the Second Spanish Republic ( November 1933 - February 1936). ). The first is known as the transformative biennium or reformist biennium , while the second is usually called the conservative biennium or counter-reformist biennium .
Spanish red biennium
The Spanish red biennium was a period in history that extended from 1936 to 1939 , during which the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) and the left-wing General Workers Union (UGT) party governed in coalition. This period is also associated with the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Civil War.
In Spain, between 1854 and 1856 the progressive biennium occurred.
It began after the February 1936 general election, in which the Popular Front , a coalition of left-wing parties, won the majority of seats in parliament. The coalition government of the PSOE and UGT, led by socialist Francisco Largo Caballero , promoted progressive reforms and social measures, including labor and agrarian legislation, the secularization of education, and the expansion of women's rights.
During the red biennium, important changes were carried out in Spain, such as the implementation of the eight-hour work day, the approval of labor and union protection laws, agrarian reform to redistribute land, and the expansion of political and social rights. civilians. However, this period was also marked by growing political and social polarization , as well as strong opposition from conservative and right-wing sectors . Political and social tensions worsened, eventually leading to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936.